Talent slowly drained from Egypt’s government as Hosni Mubarak rewarded loyalty over competence
1981, when assassins’ bullets felled Anwar Sadat at a military parade and propelled Hosni Mubarak to Egypt’s highest office, no one dreamed he would fill it for longer than his two predecessors put together. As Sadat’s vice-president, the former air-force commander had kept the low profile of a stolid, trusted retainer. This was not by accident. Mr Mubarak was a military man to the core.
Mr Mubarak’s new job was to rebuild that shattered force. His grim determination, which bore fruit in a respectable showing during the October war of 1973, when Egypt seized back lost territory, won him notice from above. A brief period of political liberalisation in the 1980s, which allowed Islamist groups to surface, was followed by a brutal clampdown. The screws turned even tighter after Mr Mubarak narrowly escaped assassination in 1995. His intelligence chief, Omar Suleiman, had suggested that he have his own car flown to a summit in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa. Jihadists ambushed the convoy on the road from the airport. The bulletproof vehicle saved Mr Mubarak’s life.
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