Billion-year-old rocks in South Africa hold evidence for the onset of plate tectonics early in Earth’s history.
The rocks preserve telltale signs of ancient submarine landslides that tend to occur in response to giant earthquakes set off by some collisions of slabs of the planet’s crust, geologists Cornel de Ronde and Simon Lamb report February 27 inFinding evidence of such a giant earthquake so early in Earth’s roughly 4.5-billion-year history throws a spotlight on a hotly debated topic in geology: When didSome geologists think it took a while for plate tectonics to emerge, no earlier than 2.
De Ronde, of GNS Science in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, had mapped the distribution of the belt’s different rock types and published the results in 2021. When Lamb, of the Victoria University of Wellington, saw the map, he spotted something surprising: The distribution of ancient rock layers and formations looked a lot like Lamb’s map of the distribution of submarine landslides in New Zealand that were triggered by earthquakes relatively recently in geologic time.
In the Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa, silica-rich sedimentary rock layers squeezed by intense pressure into folds of chert may offer evidence that plate tectonics triggered a powerful megathrust earthquake between about 3.2 billion and 3.6 billion years ago.
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