Our Solar System is odd because it has no Super-Earth. But what would happen if it did? Simulations show that we're better off without one.
NASA’s Exoplanet Discoveries Dashboard shows how many of each planet type we’ve discovered. About 30% of them are Super-Earths, though selection bias affects the results. Image Credit: NASA
This figure from a 2021 paper shows the orbits of the planets in our Solar System in black and the orbits of some exoplanets with extreme orbital eccentricities in red. The planets in our Solar System have very low eccentricities. Image Credit: KaneOne experienced planetary researcher wanted to know what would happen if our Solar System did have a Super-Earth.
“In this paper, we provide the results of a dynamical study that places an additional terrestrial planet in the mass range 1–10 Earth masses and semi-major axis range 2–4 AU within the current Solar System architecture,” Kane writes. This figure from the paper shows how the eccentricity of the inner planets evolves when a 7-Earth-mass planet is inserted at 2.00 AU. All of the inner planets become highly eccentric and are ejected from the Solar System before the 10“Chaotic evolution” is an understatement. The addition of a Super-Earth changes the relationships between the planets and changes the entire architecture of the inner Solar System.
In this simulation with a 7-Earth-mass Super-Earth at 3.79 AU, the Super-Earth is ejected, which affects the eccentricities of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Image Credit: Kane, 2023. The simulations showed that the presence of a Super-Earth can make the orbits of the other planets more eccentric. That can wreak havoc on a planet’s climate, as the temperature swings wildly depending on where the planet is in its eccentric orbit. “These interactions result in large amplitude oscillation of Venus and Earth orbital eccentricities, creatingthat may potentially influence the long-term climate of these planets,” Kane concludes.
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