This is a real photograph, but the women pictured were not convicted witches. Instead, the women posed for the photograph to illustrate the use of a three-person cangue, a public humiliation device.
took the picture sometime between 1870 and 1880 in Shanghai. The image is archived at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. The photograph was also misdated as having been taken in 1907 in the bookThe photograph was not only misdated, it is also often interpreted as real life -- what it probably would have been in 1907. But this is not, and probably never was, daily life in the Shanghai Concessions.
It is a studio creation, as is confirmed by the setup in front of a Western window, not in the street; the lack of the pasted slip of paper stating the reason for the punishment ; and the pristine condition of the three women who cannot have been standing there more than the few minutes necessary for the exposure. limits a person's movement by placing their head through the hole of a large board. It was used as a form of punishment, torture, or public humiliation.
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