A study in mice reveals a surprising difference between male and female dopamine synapses supporting attention, movement, motivation, and pleasure. Almost all neuropsychiatric disorders have different prevalences, ages of onset, and clinical symptoms in men and women. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactiv
The research sheds new light on how sex determines the mechanisms by which various synapses monitor and regulate dopamine signaling.
It is unclear whether this skewed ratio results from the roles played in brain development by sex-specificsequences or hormones, or if it represents how biological mechanisms and environmental factors elicit behavioral patterns differently in males and females. “Often, due to assumptions that sex hormone variation will cloud data interpretations, and that use of one sex will cut animal use and costs in half without a loss of key insights, many researchers using animal models to study brain disorders work chiefly with males, even more reasonable when modeling disorders that exhibit male bias,” said Blakely.
The answer is a resounding no. Females show effects of the mutation in brain regions unaffected in males and vice versa. Further work revealed that this switch is due to a circuit flip in how brain pathways in males and females use a key DAT regulator protein to magnify the backward activity of the transporter.
A “resilience” framework often is used to explain discrepancies in the sex bias observed in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, recent evidence suggests that sex bias can be due, at least in part, to differences in symptomology and associated comorbidities and the resultant failure of current diagnostic instruments to assure the identification of the same disorder in both sexes.
Indonesia Berita Terbaru, Indonesia Berita utama
Similar News:Anda juga dapat membaca berita serupa dengan ini yang kami kumpulkan dari sumber berita lain.
Genomic epidemiology of Escherichia coli: antimicrobial resistance through a One Health lens in sympatric humans, livestock and peri-domestic wildlife in Nairobi, Kenya - BMC MedicineBackground Livestock systems have been proposed as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and AMR genetic determinants that may infect or colonise humans, yet quantitative evidence regarding their epidemiological role remains lacking. Here, we used a combination of genomics, epidemiology and ecology to investigate patterns of AMR gene carriage in Escherichia coli, regarded as a sentinel organism. Methods We conducted a structured epidemiological survey of 99 households across Nairobi, Kenya, and whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates from 311 human, 606 livestock and 399 wildlife faecal samples. We used statistical models to investigate the prevalence of AMR carriage and characterise AMR gene diversity and structure of AMR genes in different host populations across the city. We also investigated household-level risk factors for the exchange of AMR genes between sympatric humans and livestock. Results We detected 56 unique acquired genes along with 13 point mutations present in variable proportions in human and animal isolates, known to confer resistance to nine antibiotic classes. We find that AMR gene community composition is not associated with host species, but AMR genes were frequently co-located, potentially enabling the acquisition and dispersal of multi-drug resistance in a single step. We find that whilst keeping livestock had no influence on human AMR gene carriage, the potential for AMR transmission across human-livestock interfaces is greatest when manure is poorly disposed of and in larger households. Conclusions Findings of widespread carriage of AMR bacteria in human and animal populations, including in long-distance wildlife species, in community settings highlight the value of evidence-based surveillance to address antimicrobial resistance on a global scale. Our genomic analysis provided an in-depth understanding of AMR determinants at the interfaces of One Health sectors that will inform AMR prevention and control.
Baca lebih lajut »
Catherine Zeta-Jones feared she gave husband Michael Douglas 'a heart attack' after surprising himCatherine Zeta-Jones feared she gave husband Michael Douglas a 'heart attack' when the 'Wednesday' actress and her children surprised him in France for Thanksgiving.
Baca lebih lajut »
Gene Frenette: CFP expansion means Florida, FSU, Miami, UCF coaches under gun to get thereWith college football playoffs expanding to 12 teams in 2024, coaches at Florida, FSU, Miami and UCF will be under pressure to get their programs in hunt.
Baca lebih lajut »
An Archeological Dig in Michigan Turns Up Some Surprising ArtifactsArcheologists have found a small mountain of artifacts buried in a farm field that show the presence of some of the first peoples to inhabit the Americas.
Baca lebih lajut »
Gene Smith Asks For “Additional Support” of Ohio State Name, Image and Likeness CollectivesGene Smith calls for “additional support” for Ohio State’s three NIL collectives in the university's first public request for donations to collectives.
Baca lebih lajut »