Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the most important horticultural crops, is rich in iron and vitamins. As an essential micro-element for plants, iron (Fe) deficiency not only restricts tomato growth, development and fruit quality, but also poses health risks to animals and humans, resulting in human nutritional disorder worldwide.
Firstly, 5–azacytidine , a DNA methylase inhibitor, was exploited to investigate its influence on the expression of Fe deficiency–induced responses in tomato. As shown in Figure 1, exogenous application of Aza greatly repressed the induction of root FCR activity, so did the Fe deficiency–induced development of root morphology and the transcript levels of three core genes , suggesting the importance of DNA methylation in regulating Fe deficiency responses.
Fig. 2. Combinational analyses of DNA methylom and RNA transcriptome under Fe deficiency. Credit: Horticulture Research Subsequently, dynamic changes of DNA methylation and gene expression identified that the number of hyper−differentially methylated regions increased over time, especially in the CG and CHG contexts, which was accompanied by greater transcript levels of Fe deficiency–induced genes .
Furthermore, we detected no obvious correlation between the changes in DNA methylation levels and the changes in transcript levels of the affected genes under either short−term or long−term treatments, with the exception of some core Fe deficiency-induced genes, i.e., bHLH39, bHLH18, Nramp1, OPT3 and FRO4, whose expression changes displayed some relationships with DNA methylation changes under long−term treatment .
Notably, more hypermethylation than hypomethylation at CG sites in the bHLH39 promoter, which was associated with the induction of bHLH39 expression by long−term Fe deficiency treatment .
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