JuMBOs (Jupiter-Mass Binary ObjectS) in the Orion Nebula and the Trapezium Cluster challenge our understanding of how planets form.
Planets orbit stars. That’s axiomatic. Or at least it was until astronomers started finding rogue planets, also called free-floating planets . Some of these planets were torn from their stars’ gravitational grip and now drift through the cosmos, untethered to any star. Others formed in isolation.
“The existence of these wide free-floating planetary-mass binaries was unexpected in our current theories of star and planet formation.”In that research, the JWST performed a near-infrared survey of the region with its powerful NIRCam. It looked at powerful outflows and jets from young stars, ionized circumstellar disks, and other objects in the region. Among the findings were the 42 JuMBOs.
“The existence of these wide free-floating planetary-mass binaries was unexpected in our current theories of star and planet formation,” Rodriguez and his colleagues write in their paper. “These systems are not associated with stars, and their components have masses of giant Jupiter-like planets and separations in the plane of the sky of order about 100 au.”
The JuMBOs range from 0.6–14 Jupiter masses, and they’re between 28 and 384 AU apart. There’s currently no explanation for how these binary objects can form. Solitary rogue planets are compatible with our understanding of how stars and planetary systems form. But JuMBOs don’t fit inside that understanding., sub-stellar objects more massive than the largest planets yet too small to trigger fusion. Brown dwarfs can be found at wide separations in binary pairs.
This figure from the research shows how the infrared emissions detected by the JWST and the radio emissions detected by the VLA both have the same source. The white rectangle shows the location of the infrared emissions, and the contours and colour scale show the intensity of the radio emissions. Image Credit: Rodriguez et al. 2024.. But JuMBO 24 doesn’t exhibit the same patterns in radio emissions that ultracool dwarfs do.
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