A woman during pregnancy shows changes in a key brain network that may be important for bonding with hernov. child
Science has largely neglected pregnancy’s effect on the brain, even though it involves dramatic surges in steroid hormones, which are known to alter the organ. A decade ago neuroscientist Elseline Hoekzema, then a young postdoctoral fellow thinking about having her first child, and two of her female colleagues set out to bridge the knowledge gap. “There’s this enormous event involving such strong hormone changes,” says Hoekzema, now at Amsterdam University Medical Center.
In 2015 Hoekzema and her colleagues recruited 89 young Dutch women who had never had a baby. After five years, 40 of them had a child, nine dropped out, and 40 served as controls. The women had brain scans to determine structure of their brain and the functioning of its networks before conception, shortly after birth and, for 28 of the mothers, more than a year after birth. They had a battery of other tests at these times, as well as during the third trimester.
In addition, the researchers analyzed the activity between and within all the neural networks of the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging. They looked at “connectivity,” or the extent to which brain regions within those networks activate in unison, a measure of their strength. Pregnancy-related differences showed up in only one network, the default mode network, which is thought to govern self-reflection, as well as social processes such as thinking about others.
The researchers also found that subtle changes in the default mode network could predict whether a woman was likely to show signs of infant-directed anger or rejection. “Like in animals, there may be some association [of the brain changes] with both the suppression of negative reactions to the young, as well as the facilitation of positive behaviors that in some way help mothers,” Hoekzema says.
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