The environmental movement’s most promising shot at future success is to reach for Native American conservation strategies from the past.
The Mattamiscontis stream in central Maine flows through land that has been in Penobscot stewardship since the late 1980s. The tiers of stone placed in the river are a method of fishery restoration.
This is a significant change. For most of the past two centuries, Western conservationists have largely ignored Indigenous people’s knowledge of landscapes and wildlife, along with tribes’ historic claims to the land. But that is no longer tenable. Worldwide, Indigenous-managed lands host 80 percent of the world’s biodiversity,’s remaining intact forests, savannas and marshes.
Some evidence suggests that, globally, the track record for Indigenous management of wildlife is at least as good as that of formal conservation., for instance, that Indigenous-managed lands in Canada, Australia and Brazil contain biodiversity equivalent to that of areas designated for conservation. Penobscot leaders have varying visions about how they might one day develop the land that is now being returned to them. Some imagine using it to adapt to sea-level rise — by building housing or growing food; others envision ecotourism lodges or a cultural center that could be accessed by the general public. In the near term, tribal leaders aim to make it accessible to hikers and hunters with permits and to offer public access to the national monument via an old logging road.
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