Many scientists and technologists believe AI will eventually become sentient. But how will we know when that happens? Currently, there's no good way to tell.
Google senior engineer Blake Lemoine, technical lead for metrics and analysis for the company’s Search Feed, was placed on paid leave earlier this month. This came after Lemoine began publishing excerpts of conversations involving Google’s LaMDA chatbot, which he claimed had developed sentience.
Whether you’re convinced that LaMDA is truly a self-aware artificial intelligence or feel that Lemoine is laboring under a delusion, the entire saga has been fascinating to behold. The prospect of self-aware AI raises all kinds of questions about artificial intelligence and its future. The Skynet hypothesis is interesting for a number of reasons. For one, it suggests that sentience is an inevitable emergent behavior of building intelligent machines. For another, it assumes that there is a precise tipping point at which this sentient self-awareness appears. Thirdly, it states that humans recognize the emergence of sentience instantaneously. As it happens, this third conceit may be the toughest one to swallow.
We can use brain-reading tools such as fMRI to perform brain mapping, which is to say that we can ascertain which parts of the brain handle critical functions like speech, movement, thought, and others. The most famous AI test for at least the illusion of intelligence is the Turing Test, which builds on ideas put forward by Alan Turing in a 1950 paper. The Turing Test seeks to determine if a human evaluator is able to tell the difference between a typed conversation with a fellow human and one with a machine. If they are unable to do so, the machine is supposed to have passed the test and is rewarded with the assumption of intelligence.
Take, for instance, the Mirror Test, one method used to assess consciousness and intelligence in animal research. As described in a paper regarding the test: “When [an] animal recognizes itself in the mirror, it passes the Mirror Test.” Some have suggested that such a test “denotes self-awareness as an indicator of sentience.”
When he was testing LaMDA, Lemoine says that he conducted various tests, mainly to see how it would respond to conversations about sentience-related issues. “What I tried to do was to analytically break the umbrella concept of sentience into smaller components that are better understood and test those individually,” he explained.
While that’s undoubtedly useful, however, it can also manifest as the assumption that inanimate objects have minds – whether that’s kids believing their toys are alive or, potentially, an intelligent adult believing a programmatic AI has a soul. After a while, the subject becomes quite proficient at this – even though they still possess zero true understanding of the symbols they’re manipulating. Does the subject, Searle asks, understand Chinese? Absolutely not, since there is no intentionality there. Debates about this have raged ever since.
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