Tuberculosis has killed more than 1 billion people over the past 2000 years. On this WorldTuberculosisDay, learn more about the rise and fall of the disease over the past 10,000 years.
Think of humanity's worst plagues, and the Black Death, the Spanish flu, and COVID-19 all come to mind. Millions have died in those deadly pandemics, but their toll pales in comparison with that of tuberculosis , which has killed more than 1 billion people over the past 2000 years—and still kills 1.5 million people worldwide every year. But how and when TB got to be so deadly has long been a mystery.
The earliest evidence of TB comes from skeletons buried in the Middle East 9000 years ago, soon after the invention of agriculture. But the variant that kills humans today——emerged 2000 years ago, when people lived in denser settlements alongside domesticated animals, often reservoirs for TB. The researchers found that the P1104A mutation was ancient—they spotted it in DNA from a farmer who lived 8500 years ago in Anatolia and calculated that the mutation arose at least 30,000 years ago. Anatolian farmers and Yamnaya herders spread this gene variant as they moved into Central Europe. By studying changes in the frequency of the variant over time, the researchers estimated that about 3% of the population carried the gene until about 5000 years ago.
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