Earth was once a magma ocean and look how it turned out. New research examines magma ocean exoplanets and how we can better observe them.
Earth was once entirely molten. Planetary scientists call this phase in a planet’s evolution a magma ocean, and Earth may have had more than one magma ocean phase. Earth cooled and, over 4.5 billion years, became the vibrant, life-supporting world it is today.Planet-hunters like the Kepler Spacecraft and TESS have found thousands of worlds around other stars. Many of these worlds orbit their stars very closely, so close that they’re heated to extreme temperatures.
“When planets initially form, particularly for rocky terrestrial planets, they go through a magma ocean stage as they’re cooling down,” said Boley. “So lava worlds can give us some insight into what may have happened in the evolution of nearly any terrestrial planet.” The research shows that mantle magma ocean planets are less common than the other two, but not by much. But when it comes to evolutionary pathways that might lead to habitable planets, it’s the planet’s composition that’s more important than its mantle structure. In lava worlds without atmospheres, the composition dictates how effective the magma is at trapping volatiles. That’s critical when it comes to life as we know it.
The study also looks at planet density and what it can tell us from a distance when we observe lava worlds. The magma and the volatiles determine a planet’s density, and temperature plays a large role in the volatile content. Earth as viewed from the cabin of the Apollo 11 spacecraft. Earth was once a magma ocean, a hellish place hostile to life. Now it’s a beautiful, benign ocean world covered in life. Credit: NASA
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