Chile has three sorts of schools: entirely private; private voucher-financed; and public schools
most effective soft-power programmes ever was launched in 1955 by the American government. Over the next 18 years, it sent over 100 Chilean students to Chicago University to study economics under Milton Friedman. The ideas those students absorbed were regarded as outlandish in their increasingly socialist country until Augusto Pinochet, brought to power by a coup in 1973, put them into practice. Among other things, he turned the entire education system into a voucher scheme.
In developing countries public-private partnerships are driven largely by the desire to maximise enrolment and minimise inequality. India’s government decreed in 2009 that 25% of places in private schools should be reserved for “economically weaker sections” who would be paid for by each state government.
Pupils at voucher schools do only a little better than those at municipal schools after allowing for their socioeconomic background. But that, says Harald Beyer, a former minister of education in Chile, is beside the point: competition has improved the municipal schools’ performance too. Academic studies cast doubt on whether competition has really improved outcomes, yet even sceptics see virtues in the system.
But the most contentious issue is selection. Its abolition, intended to increase social integration, has been exceedingly unpopular. “Families are in favour of segregation,” says Dante Contreras, an economist at the University of Chile. “They want to be segregated from poorer people.” Liliana Ramírez, who is head of the parents’ association at the Lo Espejo school, says that because selection has stopped, “there are lots of people in the school who shouldn’t be here.
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