The “Clever Hans effect” is the tendency to attribute human intelligence to animals. It may affect our experiences with AI chatbots, too.
Body language and unspoken beliefs can affect our interactions with nonhuman beings.Clever Hans was the world’s smartest horse. So it appeared, anyway. Hans and owner Wilhelm von Osten—a retired Berlin math teacher and phrenologist—traveled around Germany giving free demonstrations of the horse’s uncanny. Hans could understand German, spoken or written, and reply to questions by tapping a hoof. The answer had to be yes-or-no or numerical, indicated by the number of taps.
Stumpf’s assistant, Oskar Pfungst, was not so sure. He conducted his own evaluation and came to a different conclusion: that owner von Osten was cueing the horse with his facial expressions and posture. Pfungst noted that von Osten tensed when the horse was tapping out a number. He relaxed at the final tap of the correct answer. This change in demeanor was effectively the horse’s cue to stop tapping.
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