Division and disagreement over vaccines and mandates may seem like a modern phenomenon, but news clippings from the 1860s through recent history tell a different story.
and opposition to measles vaccination that triggered outbreaks in California are recent examples.
"There are a lot of parallels -- many of the same exact arguments," says Anna Kirkland, PhD, director of the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. The society was part of a larger movement that also questioned the motives behind promotion of the smallpox vaccine.
"Much of that movement was predicated on widespread concern about the safety of smallpox vaccine, as well as a belief that vaccination laws were 'a tyrannical violation of individual liberty,' wrote Joseph B. Domachowske and Manika Suryadevara, both MDs, in a 2013 report in"Unfortunately, the anti-vaccination activism helped bring about a significant decline in immunization rates, resulting in the re-emergence of smallpox just a couple of decades later," they said.
Vaccine policies for smallpox varied by state as well, another parallel to the COVID-19 pandemic today.
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