Oral contraceptive use has been linked to increased depression risk, especially within the first 2 years following initiation, new research shows.
Previous studies suggest an association between adolescent use of hormonal contraceptives and increased depression risk, but it's"less clear" whether these effects are similar in adults, the authors write. Randomized clinical trials have"shown little or no effect" of HCs on mood. However, most of these studies didn't consider previous use of HC.
Most participants taking OCs had initiated use during the 1970s/early 1980s when second-generation OCs were predominantly used, consisting of levonorgestrel and ethinylThe researchers conducted a secondary outcome analysis on women who completed the UK Biobank Mental Health Questionnaire to evaluate depressive symptoms.
They analyzed a subcohort of female siblings, utilizing"Inference about Causation from Examination of Familial Confounding," defined by the authors as a"regression-based approach for determining causality through the use of paired observational data collected form related individuals."The first 2 years of use were associated with a higher rate of depression among users, compared to never-users .
Those who began using OCs during adolescence had a dramatically higher rate of depressive symptoms compared to never-users . She questioned the sibling component,"which the researchers regard as confirming causality." The effect may be"important but not causative." Causality in people who are recalling retrospectively"is highly questionable by any adept researcher because it's subject to memory. Different siblings may have different recall."
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