China and Russia are waging 'gray-zone' warfare against the U.S. below the threshold of traditional combat, 'gaining benefits without suffering significant consequences,' according to a report by the Pentagon's Defense Science Board.
may be striving for such capability),” the report said. “Both countries have developed new means of projecting their influence globally; in short, new dimensions of conflict.”
Another challenge for U.S. officials is that the gray zone warfare capabilities are difficult to counter and mitigate given American values and norms. The board concluded that traditional military tools are limited in gray zone conflict. In many cases intelligence operations, economic measures, diplomacy and information operations carried out by other agencies “may prove more effective,” the report said.
An example is the “Digital Silk Road,” part of the Belt and Road Initiative, that pressures debtor nations using Chinese infrastructure money to put up control of their ports and mines as collateral for loans.
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