A new Northwestern University-led study is changing the way astrophysicists understand the eating habits of supermassive black holes.
) that encircles and feeds them. This results in the disk tearing into inner and outer subdisks. Black holes first devour the inner ring. Then, debris from the outer subdisk spills inward to refill the gap left behind by the wholly consumed inner ring, and the eating process repeats.
"Classical accretion disk theory predicts that the disk evolves slowly," said Northwestern's Nick Kaaz, who led the study."But some quasars—which result from black holes eating gas from their accretion disks—appear to drastically change over time scales of months to years. This variation is so drastic. It looks like the inner part of the disk—where most of the light comes from—gets destroyed and then replenished.
"For decades, people made a very big assumption that accretion disks were aligned with the black hole's rotation," Kaaz said."But the gas that feeds these black holes doesn't necessarily know which way the black hole is rotating, so why would they automatically be aligned? Changing the alignment drastically changes the picture."
"Black holes are extreme general relativistic objects that affect space-time around them," Kaaz said."So, when they rotate, they drag the space around them like a giant carousel and force it to rotate as well—a phenomenon called 'frame-dragging.' This creates a really strong effect close to the black hole that becomes increasingly weaker farther away."
"When the inner disk tears off, it will precess independently," Kaaz said."It precesses faster because it's closer to the black hole and because it's small, so it's easier to move.", the tearing region—where the inner and outer subdisks disconnect—is where the feeding frenzy truly begins. While friction tries to keep the disk together, the twisting of space-time by the spinning black hole wants to rip it apart.
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