After the lockout ended in March, Sanders promised to revoke one of Major League Baseball’s most important privileges: its century-old antitrust exemption
in the summer of 1951, “Capitol Hill, somewhat sated with solemn inquiries into the firing of General MacArthur, communism in Hollywood and crime all over the map, got a change of pace this week when a House Judiciary subcommittee began an investigation of organized baseball to determine whether it runs afoul of the anti-trust laws.”
That same year, 1957, baseball did something hugely controversial: It gave the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants permission to relocate to California, which they did the next season, in a seismic move that ended a golden age of New York City baseball and infuriated millions of fans. House Judiciary Committee Chairman Emanuel Celler, a Democrat from Brooklyn, N.Y. who had held the baseball hearings at the beginning of the decade, was among the heartbroken rabid Dodgers fans.
As with many monopolies, baseball has used its power to do whatever suits it in the moment. In the 1950s and ’60s, it permitted a steady stream of teams to move to the growing states in the west and south; in recent decades, it has enforced stability by largely quashing team movement .
Federal antitrust laws were still relatively new — Congress had passed the first such law, the Sherman Act, in 1890 — so the Federal League probably saw an opportunity to hold baseball to this recently enacted standard. Although Landis was known as a trustbuster, he tipped his hand in the case when he said at the trial that “any blows at … baseball would be regarded by this court as a blow to a national institution.
Justice Harry Blackmun acknowledged that the 1922 ruling was an aberration, but called it “an aberration that has been with us now for half a century, one heretofore deemed fully entitled to the benefit of stare decisis, and one that has survived the Court’s expanding concept of interstate commerce. It rests on a recognition and an acceptance of baseball’s unique characteristics and needs.”
. Several teams subsequently moved in and out of Burlington over the years, but MLB pulled the plug on its affiliation with the last team, the Vermont Lake Monsters, as part of restructuring that cut 40 minor league affiliations before the 2021 season. That decision broke “the hearts of fans in small and mid-sized towns all over America,” Sanders said in March, when he announced his bill targeting baseball’s antitrust exemption.
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