Ships and ports are ripe for operation without humans — but only if the maritime industry can work through the practical, legal and economic implications first.
. The International Maritime Organization has committed to halving the industry’s greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050.
In a decade, automated vessels might interact with one another. For instance, the Vessel Train, a pilot project funded by the European Union and coordinated by the Netherlands Maritime Technology Foundation in Rotterdam, uses a crewed lead vessel to head a convoy of smaller, automated ones that can access small waterways around ports efficiently. Ultimately, fleets of self-steering ships or boats might be managed from maritime traffic-control centres located on shore.
The roll-out of increasing levels of autonomy needs to be managed to assure safety and to allow regulation to keep up. Operational guidelines are needed for vessels in the four classes of autonomy defined by the IMO. Remotely controlled vessels without crew are also already in operation. So far, these are mainly ‘drones’ less than 10 metres long, used for measuring water depth or monitoring marine habitats and harbours. Scaling them up to ship size, and carrying cargo, cranes, robotics and fuel, requires passing a higher safety bar, and adding systems to avoid grounding, collisions and loss of communication.
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