And younger planets are our best bet.
These serve as a critical means of heating — and thus powering — rocky planets' motion mantle convection, which is the slow, eon-spanning process by which a planet's core and crust interact. Volcanic"degassing" of internal gas is the primary means for carbon dioxide to make it into the atmosphere. This, in turn, warms the planet.
But without mantle degassing, a rocky planet is likely to host an uninhabitable atmosphere. In essence, this means that radioactive materials are crucial in the formation of an atmosphere capable of supporting life.
in a star on a spectroscopic basis, by observing the way light interacts with elements in the upper layers of the star.With this data, scientists are capable of inferring the composition of the star's orbital planets." Using host stars to estimate the amount of these elements that would go into planets throughout the history of the Milky Way, we calculated how long we can expect planets to have enough volcanism to support a "Under the most pessimistic conditions we estimate that this critical age is only around 2 billion years old for an Earth-mass planet and reaching 5–6 billion years for higher-mass planets under more optimistic conditions," added Unterborn.
young enough for us to confidently say they can have surface degassing of carbon today, when we'd observe it with, say, the James Webb Space Telescope."While there could be a natural limit to the number of habitable planets — maybe they're mostly old — when
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