Like treasured recipes passed down from generation to generation, there are just some regions of DNA that evolution doesn't dare tweak.
, Pollard's team created a model suggesting the rapid variations appearing in HARs in early humans often opposed each other, turning the activity of an enhancer up and down in a kind of genetic fine-tuning – a model supported by their new research.machine learningThey identified 312 HARs and examined where they are located within the 3D 'neighborhoods' of folded DNA.
Many HARs play a role in embryo development, especially in forming neural pathways associated with intelligence, reading, social skills, memory, attention and focus – traits we know are distinctly different in humans than other animals. "Imagine you're an enhancer controlling blood hormone levels, and then the DNA folds in a new way and suddenly, you're sitting next to a neurotransmitter gene and need to regulate chemical levels in the brain instead of in the blood,""Something big happens like this massive change in genome folding, and our cells have to quickly fix it to avoid an evolutionary disadvantage.
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